Samples of dead Arizona condors test positive for bird flu at OSU

Ashland.news staff report

An Ashland lab played a key role in cracking the case of the cause of deaths of seven condors in Arizona this spring, part of an outbreak that has killed nearly 4% of the condor population left in the world.

A total of 20 condors found dead so far this spring were part of a population that spans several national parks in northern Arizona and southern Utah. The first deceased female in the flock was collected on March 20, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The carcasses were all sent to the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory in Ashland for necropsies to determine cause of death.

The Ashland lab on East Main Street opened in 1989. It is unique in world as the only one devoted to crimes against wildlife,. 

Spleen samples from the birds were then sent to the Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Oregon State University (OSU), where technicians extracted RNA and conducted PCR tests to identify highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in seven of the deceased condors, said Donna Mulrooney, quality assurance manager in the laboratory, in a news release issued by OSU on Thursday.

As of Monday, April 17, 10 of the 20 deceased condors have been confirmed positive for HPAI, including those tested at OSU. OSU is currently testing additional deceased condor samples for HPAI. 

Once OSU positively identified avian influenza, the condor samples were sent to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Iowa for final confirmation. Seven are confirmed and four are “presumed non-negative,” OSU lab supervisor Dawn Dirks said.

The same virulent H5N1 strain of avian influenza has been responsible for the deaths of more than 40 million egg-laying hens in the U.S since the current outbreak began in January 2022, with the losses also contributing to rising egg prices. The virus, which has no cure, is spread via bird-to-bird contact and also affects many mammals.

There are only about 500 California condors in the world, so a highly pathogenic, highly contagious disease hitting the species is alarming, said Kurt Williams, director of the diagnostic laboratory housed in OSU’s Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine.

Due to many human factors including poisoning, shooting, habitat degradation and the collection of eggs and feathers, California condors nearly went extinct in the 1980s, with a population low of 22 birds. Conservation and breeding programs have helped increase their numbers, but the birds are still at high risk, especially from lead poisoning caused by eating carcasses full of bullet fragments left by hunters.

“Their numbers are low enough that any individual leaving the population prematurely is an important event for the species,” Williams said. “This is a species that has made a remarkable recovery through conservation, and now to have this disease hit is pretty devastating.”

The disease affects several organ systems, primarily the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems. According to the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, symptoms in birds include lethargy, inability to fly, erratic behavior, loss of coordination, cloudy eyes, swimming in circles and head shaking. Birds typically die within 72 hours of showing clinical signs.

Several factors have made the current outbreak much more severe than previous avian flu outbreaks, Mulrooney and Williams said.

In the past, avian flu was more seasonal, flaring during spring and fall when waterfowl migrate but then subsiding in the off-seasons. The outbreak that started in January 2022, however, has not really had an off-season, Williams said.

This outbreak is also affecting a much wider range of mammals, which carries the threat of spreading to humans, though the risk is low and only a few human cases have been reported this year, all outside the U.S.

In addition to both domestic and wild birds, in the last year the OSU laboratory has detected the virus in two feral cats, several skunks, a racoon and an American marten.

The current outbreak has also had a massive economic impact, costing the poultry industry tens of millions of dollars last year and contributing to soaring egg prices.  

While the risk to humans is low, people still need to be cautious around wildlife, Williams said.

“Don’t pick up sick or dead birds or mammals; just leave them be and steer clear,” he said.
This is an edited version of a news release by Molly Rosbach ([email protected]) of Oregon State University. Read the original release by clicking here.Email Ashland.news Executive Editor Bert Etling at [email protected] or call or text him at 541-631-1313.