Our Interior secretary discounts the time-tested Endangered Species Act while lauding a firm’s questionable boast that it has brought back the dire wolf
By Pepper Trail
To breathless media coverage, a company called Colossal Biosciences now claims to have produced three genetically engineered pups of the long-extinct dire wolf. Scientific criticism followed fast.
The company’s press release claimed the pups to be “the world’s first de-extinct animals … brought back from extinction using genetic edits derived from a complete dire wolf genome, meticulously reconstructed by Colossal from ancient DNA.”
Experts in paleogenetics pointed out that only 14 genes, with 20 differences between living gray wolves and extinct dire wolves, were involved in the “edits.” Pontus Skoglund, head of the Ancient Genomics Laboratory at Britain’s Francis Crick Institute, posted on BlueSky: “Would a chimpanzee with 20 gene edits be human? … These individuals seem optimistically 1/100,000th dire wolf.”
Where do you put a dire wolf?
Conservationists noted other concerns. What is the plan for dire wolves and other “de-extinct” species? Where is the habitat for an animal that was adapted for preying on now-extinct megafauna like ground sloths and giant bison? How might dire wolves and gray wolves coexist, and could they hybridize?
And the real question: Wouldn’t Colossal’s enormous financial resources be better used to conserve existing species?
According to the Washington Post, the company has been valued at $10.2 billion and has raised $435 million in funding; billionaire and conservative mega-donor Peter Thiel is an investor.
Despite all this, there is one place where the scientifically dubious and ethically problematic goal of “de-extinction” has been embraced without reservation: the Trump administration.
Bring ’em back alive?
In a post on X, Interior Secretary Doug Burgum claimed that most species listed under the Endangered Species Act have not recovered “because the status quo is focused on regulation more than innovation,” and went on to hail Colossal’s announcement: “The revival of the Dire Wolf heralds the advent of a thrilling new era of scientific wonder, showcasing how the concept of de-extinction can serve as a bedrock for modern species conservation.”
Burgum’s endorsement of Colossal went even farther during a meeting with Interior Department employees: “If we’re going to be in anguish about losing a species, now we have an opportunity to bring them back. Pick your favorite species and call Colossal.”
In fact, the Endangered Species Act has produced some spectacular recovery successes, including the bald eagle, peregrine falcon and American alligator. And the law has succeeded in preventing the extinction of over 99% of listed species.
Misunderstanding the issues
Burgum is correct that most ESA-listed species have not recovered sufficiently to be “delisted,” declared no longer at risk of extinction. But the reason is not excessive regulation.
A peer-reviewed analysis of species listed by the law from 1992 through 2020 concluded that the reasons for the low rate of delisting were “small population sizes at time of listing, coupled with delayed protection and insufficient funding.” To this can be added the fact that by the time many species are listed, their suitable habitat has dwindled too much to support robust recovered populations.
The “innovation” needed to protect America’s biodiversity is not the high-tech resurrection of extinct species. It is simply to list declining species earlier, when their populations are still large enough to benefit from the protections that the law provides. And funding must be sufficient to support scientifically sound recovery plans. The paper cited above found that spending per listed species declined by nearly 50% from 1985 to 2020.
Burgum’s statements ignore the most basic goal of conservation. It is not to preserve individual animals, it is to help populations sustain themselves in their native habitats, fulfilling their ecological roles and exhibiting the full range of their natural behaviors.
The idea that species can be conserved by picking up the phone to “call Colossal” and order up a few genetically engineered survivors is a delusional and disingenuous fantasy.
All about extraction
Burgum has made clear that his management of the more than 500 million acres of public land under his authority will be all about energy extraction. On his first day in office, he released six secretarial orders, all of which were focused on increasing fossil fuel production. None mentioned the words “wildlife” or “conservation,” much less endangered species.
Endangered species such as sage grouse, gray wolves and grizzly bears are inconvenient obstacles to “unleashing” fossil fuel extraction everywhere across the public lands of the West. We can expect many attacks on the Endangered Species Act from this administration.
But none is more wrong-headed — or cynical — than using those cute genetically engineered “dire wolf” pups to distract from the urgent needs of actual endangered species.
Pepper Trail is a contributor to Writers on the Range, writersontherange.org, an independent nonprofit dedicated to spurring lively conversation about the West. He is a conservation biologist and lives in Ashland.
